Notes On THe Roman Republic City-State to World Empire

Chapter 6 Rome s great political achievement was to transcend the narrow political orientation of the city-state to create a world state that unified the different nations of the Mediterranean world. Rome overcame the limitations of the city-state mentality developed an empirewide system of law citizenship. Their genius found expression in law and government, the practical, not the theoretical. Historians divide Roman history into 2 broad periods: the Republic began in 509 B.C., w/ the overthrow of the Etruscan monarchy; the Empire began in 27 B.C., when Octavian (Augustus) became the 1st Roman emperor, ending 500 years of republican self-government. The Republic initiated the trend toward political legal universalism, which†¦show more content†¦* Masters and Slaves. * Rome generally allowed its subjects a large measure of self-government did not interfere w/ religion and local customs. * Essentially, Rome used its power for constructive ends: to establish order; to build roads, aqueducts, and public buildings; and to promote Hellenism. CULTURE IN THE REPUBLIC: * Rome creatively assimilated the Greek achievement and transmitted it to others, thereby extending the orbit of Hellenism. COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC: * The established Roman administration proved unable to govern the Mediterranean world. * Internal dissension tore Rome apart as the drive for domination formerly directed against foreign enemies turned inward against fellow Romans. Civil war replaced foreign war. * Eventually it collapsed, a victim of class tensions, poor leadership, power hungry demagogues, and civil war. * Cleopatra-- o Greek queen of Egypt, belong to the Ptolemaic family, the Macedonian Greeks who ruled Egypt during the Hellenistic Age. o Cleopatra became Julius Caesar s mistress when the Roman leader stopped at Alexandria. Julius Caesar-- o In 60 B.C., a triumvirate, a ruling group of three, consisting of Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.), a politician, Pompey, a general, and Crassus, a wealthy banker, conspired to take over Rome. o Gaul...Future France o Caesar realized that without his troops he would be defenseless. o Caesar realized that republican institution noShow MoreRelatedRome Essay Question1622 Words   |  7 PagesStudy Guide Question #1 Rome – early empires Here is what I am hoping to do when I take write my response to this question. Definitely doesn’t matter how you do, just thought I would clarify for any one still a bit confused. 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Major Problems That Contribute to the Dilemma of War...

Introduction Todays world is marred by the constant threat of danger and violence. Solutions to this seemingly unjust situation are hard to find and when presented, often fall dramatically short of any practical value. It may be wise to find a new approaches to managing war and terrorism due to a seemingly non-progressive status on its current understanding. The purpose of this essay is to present a solutions based argument that is designed to address the solutions to violence and seek and ending to war and terrorism in a productive and effective manner. The essay will present a simple three stepped plan the will address the major problems that contribute to this dilemma the entire world is experiencing. The first step of the plan will deal with gathering and understanding the language and verbiage that is being used to describe the problems associated with terrorism. The next step of the plan will explain how a proper analysis of the newly defined terminology must be demonstrated to logically and rationally devise more specific solutions to a very general problem. The last section of the plan will discuss practical systems that can successfully communicate the chosen strategic approaches that were developed in the previous two steps. The essay essentially suggests that the warfare and violence must be viewed in new manner in order to transcend and learn from humanitys past failures. Step 1: Defining words and establishing real boundaries. Most effective communicationShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Problems of Over Population885 Words   |  4 PagesThe Problems of Over Population There are several problems that affect the world today: war, crime, pollution, and several others. Overpopulation is a serious dilemma that is growing every year, every minute, and every second. It is the root of most, if not all, of the world’s problems1. 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Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks. Answer: Introduction Wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) which allows users to identify wireless networks between several areas in a city. WMAN can be used in cases where wired network become unavailable. WMANs can utilize technologies such as microwave, millimeter wave, broadband radio, free space and Wi-Fi Hotspots. (Burbank, 2013). This technology covers long distance, dedicated bandwidth and high capacity. Its links include full indoor, full outdoor, broadcast links and split mount to meet the different client needs for metropolitan scale microwave networks (Westcott Coleman, 2015). Cost: initial cost is relatively lower as in other technologies because no physical components are needed. Data capacity: 400(364) Mbps and 800(728) Mbps for High performance microwave radios Offers up to and 1.6Gbps and higher up to 3Gbps for full duplex payload. Service Area: up to radius of 100km Installation speed: faster to set up Security: Subject to Electromagnetic and Other Interference Millimeter Wave (MMW) Provides between 100mbps and 2.5 Gbps bandwidth in 60-90 GHz in TodaysMillimeter Wave (MMW) products offers 100Mbps up to 2.5 Gbps throughput in 60-90GHz range. It is a wireless transmission technology with very fast point to point connections. In metropolitan areas with congested frequencies it provides high speed connections (In Kim In Joukov, 2017). Cost: Relatively higher cost than microwave Data capacity: 100Mbps to 2.5 Gbps Service Area: up to radius of 20km Installation speed: slower than microwave Security: Better security and privacy compared to microwave MIMO OFDM Broadband Radio This technology operates on lower frequencies in the 2-6GHz to offer point to multipoint or point to point connections. Current technology provides carrier-class broadband radio devices with capacity of 867Mbps in either unlicensed or licensed bands. Widely used in wireless ISP, business enterprises, CCTV applications and governments. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a technology which addresses the problem of signal bouncing and allows Non-line-of-sight broadcasting though buildings, trees and other structures. It can be deployed in architectures like star, bus, mesh ring among others. MIMO technology utilizes several dimensional streams on similar frequency to boost rates of data 2- 4 times speed of non-MIMO devices (Angelescu, 2010). Cost: initial cost relatively high compared to other technologies. Data capacity: up to 867Mbps Service Area: up to radius of 20km Installation speed: takes relatively a longer time Security: Better security and privacy compared to microwave Free Space Optics This technology is based on optical communication that uses tweaked light to propagate data broadcasting through the atmosphere wirelessly. This differs from fibre optic which utilizes guided media such as fibre to transmit optical signals. This technology utilizes infrared light either LED or laser equipment. Free Space Optics typically uses transmission in the infrared bands using either Laser or LED devices. It offers high rates of data, superior beam collimation and high power output. Compared to microwave and Millimeter waves, it does not suffer from attenuation. Affected by atmospherically conditions such as dust storms, snow and thick fog which limits link reliability between 1-4km depending on location. Covers connection up to 4km and capacity of up to 1.5Gbps (Burbank, 2013). Cost: very low initial cost Data capacity: up to 1.5Gbps Service Area: up to radius of 4km Installation speed: very simple and takes less than 1 hour Security: line of sight operations makes its a secure system. Recommendation Therefore,if ZeeTech is considering implementing a WMAN technology then microwave is the best. This is because it is relatively cheaper to install compared to other technologies, higher bandwidth, large coverage area and ease of installation. This will link all its offices across Melbourne as well as provide mobile wireless access to the field workers that need to travel between different sites in a city. Reference Westcott, D. A., Coleman, D. D. (2015).CWNA certified wireless network administrator. Indianapolis, Indiana : John Wiley Sons In Kim, K. J., In Joukov, N. (2017).Mobile and wireless technologies. Singapore : Springer. Angelescu, S. (2010).CCNA certification all-in-one for dummies. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Burbank, J. L. (2013).Wireless networking: Understanding internetworking challenges. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.

The Fall Of Communism In Russia/Soviet Union By Andy Chambers Essay Example For Students

The Fall Of Communism In Russia/Soviet Union By Andy Chambers Essay Communism in the USSR was doomed from the onset. Communism was condemned due to lack of support from other nations, condemned due to corruption within its leadership, condemned due to the moral weakness of humanity, making what is perfect on paper, ineffective in the real world. The end of this system was very violent. It left one of the two most powerful nations in the world fearful of what was to come. Communism can either be called a concept or system of society. In a society that follows the communist beliefs groups own the major resources and means of production, rather than a certain individual. In theory, Communism is to provide equal work, and benefits to all in a specific society. Communism is derived from many ancient resources, including Platos Republic and early Christian communities. In 1917, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their Communist Manifesto finalized the philosophy of Communism. (Communism, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 98 Encyclopedia) In the beginning, people in R ussia thought of Communism as a utopian ideal. (Funk ; Wagnalls) The elimination of social classes, and guaranteed employment sounded outstanding to the people who lived in Russia. Communism did call for a role of socialist dictatorship to help control any form of protest. Through persuasive tactics this new government seized power and in 1917 Vladimir Ilich Lenin came to power. Under his control the Soviet Union underwent many radical changes that led to the development of NEP (New Economic Policy). This policy called for some private ownership of the means of production and business. Still the government controlled the majority of production. Throughout Lenins government there were many achievements. It ended a long civil war against the remnants of the old Czarist military system and established institutions in government. He later died in 1924, and was quickly succeeded. In 1924 Joseph Stalin became head of the Soviet Communist Party. He soon became the most powerful man in Russ ia. He ran the Soviet Union with brut power, removing all that opposed him and the Communist beliefs. This time period was known as the ?Great Purge.? Stalin systemically executed anyone who stood in his path. Stalin had millions of people arrested and killed. The government once again changed in its economic status. All private ownership was ended. Industrialization commenced, and the strength of the Soviets Military significantly increased. The only downfall was agriculture production slowly diminished. This eventually led to food shortages. During this time period the Second World War broke out and drained most of what was left of the already impoverished state. However after the war, national unity was improved and the Soviet Union once again became a super power of the world. ( Stalin and World War II, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 99 Encyclopedia) Stalins death in 1953 marked the end of the supreme power for the head of the Soviet party. Stalins successor, Nikita Khrushev, marked th e beginning of the fall of Communism in the Soviet Union. Khrushev became the first Secretary of the Communists party (Nikita Khrushev, Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 98 Encyclopedia). He believed Stalins actions were unnecessary and harmful to the process of moving the Socialist government to its goal of complete Communism. During his period of control the public was given some say in the government. A new policy of economy was brought in known as ?New Course.? It helped to balance the agriculture and increase food production so there were less food shortages. We will write a custom essay on The Fall Of Communism In Russia/Soviet Union By Andy Chambers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although Nikita Khrushev started a process of reform he was dismissed due to massive shortage of dairy products, and the fact that he failed to meet any of his initial objectives. After the dismissal of Khrushev, Leonid Brezhnev became the Soviet Communist Party Secretary General in October of 1964. Under his control central power was brought back into effect. Stalins disciplinary policies were restored. One of the causes of Brezhnevs loss of power was in the way he controlled the land of Russia. During this time there was an inefficient use of land, which resulted in an economic slacking once again. The 1980s saw a dramatic drop in the standards of the Soviet citizens. This led to strikes against the government, which greatly threatened the stability of the Soviet Union. The people were angered at the fact that the Communist Party had not lived up to what it had promised which was in return for their obedience. (B, Ulam, ?Looking at the Past: The Unraveling of the Soviet Union? pg.1 12)March 1985 marked a turning point in the Communist Rule of Russia. Mikhail Gorbachev was elevated to the position of General Secretary. He was fully aware of what he had to do to keep Communism alive in Russia. He began a program called ?Perestroika? which was intended to help rebuild the government and military, but the main purpose of this program was to improve the Soviet standard of living. In the end ?Perestroika? turned out to be a complete failure. In 1991, the economy deteriorated before the eyes of Gorbachev, and he could do nothing to stop it. Soon following, the USSR voted itself out of existence in December 1991, and Gorbachev resigned as president of the former Soviet Union. .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .postImageUrl , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:hover , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:visited , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:active { border:0!important; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:active , .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146 .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8453ab99d4c21e09c2a28f17c5990146:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ALEXANDER THE GREAT EssayEventually Communism completely destroyed the Soviet Empire. The parasite of Communism finally drained the last bit of strength from the Russian nation in the late 1980s and 1990s, resulting in a sensational break-up of Soviet control. The break up of the Communist regime in the Soviet Union was more than a political event. The powerful bond between the economy and politics of Russia created an uncanny situation for the successor states of the Soviet Union. The people of Russia were so accustom to the way of life under Communism; they were left with little democratic tradition. Russia was faced with one of the toughest tasks, economic democratization. But freedom did not take hold in Russia after the break-up. Instead of forging ahead with property rights and free markets, Russians devolved into a collection of turf wars, with ethnic groups, former rulers, organized crime and various other groups competing to survive. Out of the former Soviet-controlled states, the one that proceeded fastest and furthest with free-market reform instead of controlled business the Czech Republic has done the best economically by far. The ones that at least moved closer to free markets, including Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Poland, are doing all right but still struggle. Russia, who moved least to free markets, whose economy continued to be based on payoffs, bribes and tribute, has done the worst economically and culturally. Yet this catastrophe is often blamed on moving too fast with economic reforms. (Soviet Union,? 99 World Book Encyclopedia)Today Russias economy is in disorder. The standard of living for most people in incredibly low. It may be even lower now then during the Communist rule due to the long-term effects of the break up of the Soviet Union. One of the major factors for the fall of Communism is the government did not live up to its promise of a better life for all, and the failure of government to deal properly with social and foreign affairs. Russia is now faced with a task that may seem impractical, and a journey that may take many years, but it is believed one-day Russia may regain a well-balanced government. Works Cited: 1.?Everything About Russia (History Section).? Http://www.russia.net (6 Dec. 1999) 2.?CNN Interactive (Russian Archive).? Http://www.cnn.com (8 Des.1999) 3. B, Ulam, ?Looking at the Past: The Unraveling of the Soviet Union? Source: February 5, 1996 Associated Press article (11 Dec. 99) 4.?The Electric Passport to Russia and Communism? http://www.mrdowling.com/707russia.html (11 Dec. 1999) 5.Russian human rights commission reports gross violations, practically disbands, Source: February 5, 1996 Associated Press article (11 Dec. 99) 6. ?Karl Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party? http://www.hartford-hwp.com/cp-usa/manifesto.html (12 Dec.99) 7. George W. Simmonds University of Detroit ?World War II Commemoration- Stalin? http://gi.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_stalin.html (18 Dec.99) 8. ?Marx and Engels Writings? http://english-www.hss.cmu.edu/marx/ (17 Dec.99)